Developing Total Speed

This article is going to concentrate on the three major aspects of speed: acceleration, maximum velocity and speed endurance. Understanding of these concepts will allow you to maximize your clients' speed potenial and help them to achieve new levels of athletic success.

Acceleration

Speed is a product of stride length (the distance your hips travel in a stride) and stride frequency (the number of steps you take in a given time period). However, you will not reach top speed by focusing on increasingly larger steps to increase stride length or taking short, quick steps to increase stride frequency. Instead, top speeds are created by applying "optimal" force to the ground. Both length and frequency are improved by strength, so better strength application results in faster speeds. Really, acceleration training is a form of strength training.

Ground contact times (the amount of time each foot spends on the ground) are another important factor to consider during acceleration. During the earliest parts of acceleration, especially the first two steps, you are trying to overcome (inertia) the weight of your body by moving it forward as quickly as possible. This takes a great deal of strength and power. The stronger and more efficient you are, the more you can extend your acceleration phase.

Since high intensity sprint work involves recruiting specific groups of muscle fibers, improving the efficiency of neuromuscular firing patterns, sprinting is taxing to the central nervous system. Once the CNS becomes fatigued, workouts quickly lose their effectiveness. Any type of speed work must be done with full recovery. Generally speaking, that means approximately one minute of rest for every 10 yards that you run. Sprinting is a highly technical activity. Without full recovery, both your muscles and your central nervous system will begin to fatigue quickly, reducing the short and long term effectiveness of your training. For this reason, acceleration should not be trained with fatigue present. To optimize your success, full recovery must be adhered to both in your individual workouts as well as your weekly plan. It takes roughly 36-48 hours to fully recover from a speed workout.

Acceleration Cues

• Drive the lead arm (same as front leg) up as you begin to sprint.
• Drive out so the body is at a 45 degree angle to the ground.
• Keep the heel recovery low during the first six to eight strides.
• Drive the elbows down and back. Keep the hands loose but not open. Arms should remain at approximately 90 degrees from the elbow.
• Step over the opposite knee and drive the foot down into the ground to create maximal force.

Don’t force yourself to "stay low." This will limit the amount of force you can apply to the ground and leads to poor acceleration. Let your upper body unfold naturally. Staying low will occur naturally if you are already strong enough.

Get Vertical!

At the beginning of your training season, acceleration work is used. You can't be efficient running longer distances without getting the proper strength levels and neuromuscular efficiency of the shorter intervals. As your athletes get stronger, you can extend out the acceleration distances. You want your athletes to be driving out as far as possible. The stronger the athlete is, the further the acceleration phase will be and will set up the athletes' top speed better later on.

During acceleration, the foot should strike directly below or slightly behind the hips. You must be able to drive out so your body is at a 45 degree angle to the ground and step over the opposite knee and drive the foot down into the ground to create maximal force.

Horizontal to Vertical

Some athletes aren’t strong enough to hold and maintain that ideal drive phase, so you must trick the athlete's body and make it so that he has to get into the right position.

Start your acceleration work on the ground and work your way up. In order to put the athletes in the best mechanical position, even without great strength levels, athletes will start with short intervals, in a horizontal position. As the athletes get stronger, the acceleration intervals are lengthened and/or the starting positions are more vertical.

Push-up 'Down'	Push-up 'Up'	Seated (backward or forward)

Crouch	3-Point

Falling 1	Falling 2

Standing

Sample beginning of the season acceleration workout:

• 4 X 25 yards each (400 yards total)
• 2.5 minute rest between each rep/4 minutes between each exercise
  1. Push-up 'Down'
  2. Push-up 'Up'
  3. Seated Start-Backwards
  4. Seated Start-Forward

As the athlete shows he can handle these positions and his form doesn't break down at all during the 25 yards, you can start lengthening the interval distance and/or change the starting positions.

Maximum Velocity

Maximum velocity is another way of saying running at full speed or pure speed. The point in a race, workout or game that you reach maximum velocity depends on strength levels, experience and running mechanics. However, regardless of where and when you reach full speed, there are some differences in running mechanics and effort when compared to acceleration.

Since you are at full speed, you will be completely upright (perpendicular to the ground), and your body will no longer be leaning at an angle as you were during acceleration. You will want to relax or "float" during maximum velocity. What this means is you want to ease back in the amount of effort you are expending while running but without slowing down and losing any speed. This idea sounds contradictory, and like any new skill, it takes some practice to perfect. While running, you want to continue to step over the opposite knee, but you do not want to drive the ball of the foot down into the ground. You want to "let the ground come to you."

Remember, you are not going to get any faster by straining to run faster; you will actually only slow yourself down faster because you can not continue to coordinate your movements with accuracy, and you will have a breakdown in running mechanics. You know that your brain tells you to keep running harder so that you do not slow down, but you have to fight the urge to do that and instead run smart and relaxed. It is the ability to make these types of adjustments that can be the difference in running a fast time, outrunning an opponent or chasing one down to make the play.

Maximum Velocity Cues

• Continue to step over the opposite knee, but let the ground come to you.
• FLOAT - Ease back in "effort," but don’t slow down.
• Stride length is longer, stride frequency is faster and ground contact time is shorter in comparison to the acceleration phase.
• Fight the urge to continue to run faster and harder. One of the goals of top speed training is to learn how to decelerate the slowest.
• Relaxation is key to decrease the speed at which you slow down.

Sample Workouts:

1. Fly 20s, 30s and 40s:

Place a cone at the starting line, at 15y, at 35y and at 55y. Accelerate hard to the first cone (15y). Maintain the speed you have generated by running relaxed and following the maximum velocity cues from 15 – 35y. Once you hit 35y, slowly decelerate for the next 20y, coming to a full stop at the last cone. This is a fly 20. Once you are comfortable holding that speed for 20y, you can move the second cone to 45y (fly 30s) and 55y (fly 40s). Total volume for these workouts should be between 250 – 350 yards.

2. Sprint/Float/Sprint

Accelerate	Sprint	Float

Sprint	Decelerate

Place a cone at the starting line, 15y, 25y, 35y, 45y and at 65y. Accelerate hard to the first cone (15y). Maintain a hard sprint for 10y, focusing on maintaining the speed and intensity created during acceleration. Once you hit the next cone (25y), go into a float by easing back in intensity (don’t try to continue to get faster) without losing any speed. At the next cone (35y), go back to a hard sprint, running at full intensity and trying to increase your speed. At the next cone (45y), shut down by slowly coming to a stop. You should not be at a complete stop before the final cone at 65y, giving you a full 25 yards to slow down.

Speed Endurance

Speed endurance is the ability to maintain speed in the presence of fatigue without decelerating. Therefore, speed/power athletes must train the ability to maintain high levels of speed, even when tired. As you can imagine, making improvements in this area can have profound effects on success and performance late in competitions when every athlete is tired but when the most critical moves and decisions are made and games are won and lost.

Because speed endurance work is based around the idea of athletes competing in a state of physical fatigue, these workouts also have a useful mental component as well. When athletes get tired, they have a tendency to revert back to what is easy for them, which is usually poor form and technique. Therefore, when performing this type of workout, it is important to focus on efficiency and form, even when it feels slower. Make the commitment to perfection in practice so during competition you can focus solely on competing and performing your best. By improving the ability to stay mentally focused on a physically demanding and exhausting workout, athletes improve their ability to execute during the most important moments of their game or competition.

Short distance, short rest: Run for a short distance (10 – 35 yards) while only getting a short rest period (10 – 30 seconds) between repetitions.

Example:

• 2 sets of 7 x 25 yards with 25 seconds rest between reps and 3 minutes between sets

Longer Distance, Longer Rest: Run a longer distance (8 – 20 seconds, or 60 – 150 yards) at full or near full intensity (90% – 100%) with full or near full recovery (5 – 15 minutes) between each repetition.

Example:

• 3 x 80y at full speed with 7 minutes rest between each repetition
• 2 x 120y @ 90% with 10 minutes rest between each repetition

The type of workout that will reap the greatest benefits depends on the demands of the sport the athletes compete in and can be modified, adjusted or adapted to suit those particular needs. For some sports, such as football, soccer, field hockey and lacrosse, where the majority of the demand of the sport consists of short bursts of acceleration followed by low intensity movements, the greatest benefits may be from running workouts of short duration with short recoveries. On the other hand, athletes competing in sports requiring continuous high intensity runs, such as track and field sprinters, may find greater benefit in runs of longer distance and greater recovery times. Both types of workouts allow athletes to compete longer into their competitions without showing high degrees of fatigue, increasing the likelihood of success.

By integrating all the training modalities, concepts, exercises, drills and workouts presented in developing total speed, you will begin the rapid transformation toward maximizing your speed potential and therefore, a whole new level of athletic success. Continue to work hard, train smart and you will stay a step ahead of the competition.